C/C++ Users Group Library 1996 July

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OS/2 Help File | 1992-10-02 | 59.9 KB | 2,462 lines

ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 1. Welcome ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ TOOLS/2 is a collection of small tools for OS/2 and DOS operating systems. Most tools are dual-mode programs - they can be run under both DOS and OS/2. Dual mode programs have the words [DUAL MODE] on the upper right corner of their manual pages. Protected mode programs are marked [OS/2 ONLY]. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 2. Readme.txt ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ [README.TXT] Welcome to TOOLS/2. Copyright 1990-1992 Martti Ylikoski All rights Reserved Genaral. TOOLS/2 is a small set of tools for OS/2 and DOS. Most programs are dual mode programs - they can be run in both DOS and OS/2. TOOLS/2 is Freeware - Feel free to copy it to friends and colleques. I require that you copy it unmodified and entirely (both disks) and don't request any fee for it. I grant to right to charge a small fee for the copies of this package if you are: - a non-profit user group. - disk vendor approved by the Association of Shareware Professionals - have written permission from me and it has not been revoked and you charge a fee that is less than $10 per disk (excluding shipping). I have retained copyright to this package - both the source code and accompanying documentation. You may however take out individual functions and use them in your work, if your work is totally unrelated from utilities. You should however clearly mark where you have taken the code from and pass my copyright message with it. A message like "DirScan - extracted from TOOLS/2 source code. Copyright(c) Martti Ylikoski 1990-1992. All right reserved." will do just fine. For example you might be writing a general installation program that at the beginning of the installation seaches the disk for an older version of the installed product. You could then use the DirScan-function. It is however prohibited to use the DirScan in a tool that seaches for files and makes small modifications for them. There are two ideas behind holding copyright to source code and preventing others from modifying it. First is uncontrolled changes. I really don't want to receive questions or bug reports about code that I haven't written and don't know anything about. Second is to prevent anyone from modyfying the source code a little bit a starting to sell it for money. What is free, must remain free. For example someone might feel that an installation program is very much an utility. However searching for the old version of an installed program constitutes only a very small percentage of the program and the type of function it performs is different of those in TOOLS/2 package. You may register your usage of TOOLS/2 by sending me a check for $45 draw on a finnish bank. As stated earlier there is no must for this. If I receive even modes amounts money, I will generally feel very happy and will create more new tools and correct the mistakes in old ones. Installing TOOLS/2. There are two installation programs on the diskettes. Install.cmd is for OS/2 and install.bat for DOS. Start installation by typing a:install and follow the instructions. By default TOOLS/2 will install the dual mode programs to the directory C:\BINB and the protected mode (OS/2) programs to directory C:\BINP. If you want to change these default directories, you must manually edit the installation scripts. Note allso that one of the demonstation programs (traddemo.cmd for OS/2 and traddemo.bat for DOS) assumes that there exist a file demotest.txt in C:\BINB. If you have changed the installtion directories and want to run the demonstrations, you must manually correct this reference also. After installing the tools you should edit the PATH- environment directory to contain the directories C:\BINB and C:\BINP in OS/2 and C:\BINB in DOS (or any directories where you have installed the tools). Otherwise you will not be able to run them (the operationg system will not find them). These values start to affect after a boot up. TOOLS/2 demonstaration. There exists a demonstaration program which covers most of TOOLS/2. It starts from a file demo.cmd (OS/2) or demo.bat (DOS). This demonstration calls then other command scripts. Start the demonstration by typing at the command promt: demo Running the demo requires that the PATH-variable is set correctly. Documentation. There is a manual page for each command. These are in .TXT-files. By default the documentation is not copied to the disk, since there is no standard directory where it could be copied. For OS/2 there is also a TOOLS2.INF-file. It is in same format as all OS/2 help files. To view it type at the command prompt: view tools2 You must be in the same directory. The .TXT files are provided because they are the only way to view the documentation under DOS. If you want to take a look at the macro language used to generate OS/2 help files see the tools2.gen file on disk 2. There is also a makefile (doc.mak), which shows the commands that generated the help file. Source code. Full source code is provided. Most utilities contain only one module. E.g. the code used to generate the mem- command is in mem.c. There are also make files for all tools. The makefiles have the same name as the tools, but end in .mak. Libraries. The library used with TOOLS/2 is also provided. It's name is mtoolsp in protected mode and mtoolsr in real mode. These libraries contain reusable code used to create the utilies. The makefiles used to create them are mtoolsp.mak for mtoolsp.lib and mtoolsr.mak for mtoolsr.lib. Unfortunately there is currently no ducumentation available on the functions except what is provided with the source code. Feedback. There is on disk 1 a feedback form in feedback.txt , which contains some questions about your impressions about TOOLS/2. More than anything tools writers need feedback from users. What's good and what's not. What kind of new tools are needed. I strongly suggest that you at least glance through it. Also free format letters are very welcome. Registration. As stated earlier, you may register your usage by sending me a check of $45 drawn on a finnish bank. Fill in the form below and send it with you check. Send the check and form to the address: Martti Ylikoski Poutuntie 3 A 7 SF-00400 Helsinki Finland. TOOLS/2 REGISTRATION FORM Name:____________________________________________________ Address: _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ Telephone:_______________________________________________ TOOLS/2 version:_________________________________________ Unistalling. If you are not satisfied with TOOLS/2, you can also uninstall it. There are two files on the first diskette. uninstal.cmd for OS/2 and uninstal.bat for DOS. Note that there is only one l at the end. To uninstall type at the command prompt: a:unistal and follow the directions. Disclaimer. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND I DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL I BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 3. Feedback.txt ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ FEEDBACK FORM This questionnairy is provided by the author in order to collect feedback information from users. What's bad and what's good about this package. You can also send in completely free format letter telling you impressions, bug findings and ideas for future development. All comments are welcome, both from registered and unregistered user. When completed mail this questionnairy to: Martti Ylikoski Poutuntie 3 A 7 SF-00400 Helsinki Finland Installation procedure. Did you succeed in your first installation? If not, why not? How could the installation be improved? + Other comments ? Demonstration programs. Could you run the demonstation programs at firs attempt? Why not ? What do you think in general about the demonstaration programs? Was something missing? Was something misleading ? New ideas ? Documentations. Have you noticed any direct errors in the documentation? If yes, please specify? Are some parts of the documentation misleading? What parts ? How could the documentation be improved ? (expect for a complete rewrite :-) Tools. Are some of the tools failing to work ? What tools and in what way ? You may write as much as you want to separe pages, if the space is not big enough. Future. What kind of tools would you like to see in TOOLS/2 in future? Graphical OS/2 2.0 tools, more traditional UNIX tools ? Games ? Better DOS support ? Shall we continue in C, or should the new tools be in C++ ? Do you have any new options that you would like to see in some of the current tools ? What are they ? Do you have ideas for any new tools ? ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4. Alphabetical list of commands. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ This section contains the alphabetical list of all the tools in TOOLS/2. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.1. Alarm - Show alarm at specified time. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ ALARM [OS/2 ONLY] NAME ALARM - Show an alarm to the user at a specified time. SYNTAX alarm [/H | /?]OR alarm time "message with \n between lines" OR alarm /F alarm-file USAGE Alarm is used to show the user alarm popup messages at requested times. You can for example use it to create a to-do list for each day, and have it remond you of activities. Alarm can read the time and message either from the command line or from a file. The format supported for time are the sama as for the at-command. First format is given in hh:mm:ss and the second format is +hh:mm:ss, where time is relative to the current time. Different lines of the messages are separated with \n. This is true both for messages on the command line and for messages in a file. EXAMPLES 1) Alarm me at 14:00 about a meeting detach alarm 13:45 "\nTime to leave for meeting!\n" SEE ALSO at, Alarm file format ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.2. Alarm File Format ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ ALARM-FILE FORMAT [OS/2 ONLY] NAME ALARM FILE FORMAT - This document describes the alarm-commands file format SYNTAX # comment line ; comment line CONTINUE QUIT BREAK time message +time message USAGE Alarm can be given its arguments in a file. You can comment out lines by preceding them with either # or ;- characters. This is an easy way to temporarily disable some commands. The CONTINUE-command is most useful at the end of the file. When this command is read, the file is started again from the beginning. You can use it situations where the machine is not shut down for the night and you want to have the same alarms every day. When the QUIT or BREAK keywords are recognized, the file is immediately closed and the alarm-command stopped. Two time formats are supported. The first list the absolute time in hh:mm:ss -format, where hh=hour, mm=minute, ss=second. The time is parsed from left to right. That is a two part time represents hh:mm and a one part time represents hours only. The second format is given relative to the current time. This format is identical to the first format, except that it starts with a plus (+). EXAMPLES 11:00:00\n\n Lunch! 13:00:00 Call George 17:00:00 \n\n The day is done. SEE ALSO until, at, ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.3. At - Start a program at specified time. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ AT [DUAL MODE] NAME AT - Start a program at a specified time. SYNTAX at OR at time "command with parameters" OR at /F at-file USAGE At is used to start programs at a given time of the day. It support two time formats. The first list the absolute time in hh:mm:ss -format, where hh=hour, mm=minute, ss=second. The time is parsed from left to right. That is a two part time represents hh:mm and a one part time represents hours only. The second format is given relative to the current time. This format is identical to the first format, except that it starts with a plus (+). At can also be given a list of times and command in a file. The filename is given with the /F option. When the command line is empty, the at command reads its input by default from the at.dat-file. EXAMPLES 1) Start dir command 10 seconds from now. at +00:00:10 dir 2) Tell me to go to dinner a eleven o'clock. at 11:00 "popup The time has come foor all good men to go to the aid of their cafeteria." SEE ALSO until, At file format ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.4. At File Format ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ AT-FILE FORMAT [DUAL MODE] NAME AT FILE FORMAT - This document describes the at- commands file format SYNTAX # comment line ; comment line CONTINUE QUIT BREAK time command +time command USAGE At can be given its arguments in a file. You can comment out lines by preceding them with either # or ;- characters. This is an easy way to temporarily disable some commands. The CONTINUE-command is most useful at the end of the file. When this command is read, the file is started again from the beginning. You can use it situations where the machine is not shut down for the night and you want to run some commands every day. When the QUIT or BREAK keywords are recognized, the file is immediately closed and the at-command stopped. The file formats are identical to the at-command. Two time formats are supported. The first list the absolute time in hh:mm:ss -format, where hh=hour, mm=minute, ss=second. The time is parsed from left to right. That is a two part time represents hh:mm and a one part time represents hours only. The second format is given relative to the current time. This format is identical to the first format, except that it starts with a plus (+). EXAMPLES 11:00:00 popup "\n\n Lunch!" 13:00:00 popup "Call George" 17:00:00 popup "\n\n The day is done." SEE ALSO until, at ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.5. Bell - Make an audible sound on the speaker. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ BELL [DUAL MODE] NAME BELL - Make an audible sound on the speaker. SYNTAX bell [frequency duration]* [/NOD] OR bell -F file OR bell /H | /? USAGE Bell is used to play a tune of the given frequency and duration on the speaker. It can be given multiple such pairs on the command line or the pairs can be given in a file. If the parameters are in a file, each pair must be on a separate line. Bell can be given a default frequency and duration with environment variables BELLFREQ and BELLDUR. If bell is started without parameters given, it uses the values given in these environment variables. If either of these values or both are missing, and bell is started without parameters, it tries to read values from the standard input. This can be forced also with the /NOD-option, when environemt variables are set. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.6. Blank - Blank the screen. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ BLANK [OS/2 ONLY] NAME BLANK - Blank the screen. SYNTAX blank USAGE BLANK can be used to blank to screen. With servers this saves the screen phosphor from overburning. There is a similar program BLANKER, which runs as a monitor and automatically blanks the screen, when no activity from the keyboard has been detected for a given period. However BLANK must be run manually to blank the screen. It is meant to be used in machines with no extra memory or processing capasity to spare (BALNKER uses quite a few threads). Set BLANK as a program item to some of your groups. Every time you leave the machine you must remember to double click on that icon. Only then it will save your display from overburn. Press any key to restore display. SEE ALSO blanker ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.7. Blanker - Screen saver program. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ BLANKER [OS/2 ONLY] NAME BLANKER -Screen saver program. SYNTAX detach blanker [seconds] USAGE Blanker is used to automatically blank the screen after the specified amount of seconds has elapsed and there has been no activity on the machine. Blanking the screen saves the screen phosphor from overburning. The seconds option of BLANKER sets the amount of time the program waits before blanking the screen. Pressing any key will restore the screen. You can start the screen blanking immediately by pressing ALT and B simultenously. Blanker can be removed with pressing Control and F10 simultenously. BUGS There are no signon and signoff messages. It is impossible to change the keysequences required. The amount of screen groups to which blanker registers itself cannot be given. These issues will be adressed in the next release. Blanker does not monitor the PM-screen group. A separate PM-screen blanker is required in the near future. SEE ALSO blank ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.8. Border - Change the border colors. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ BORDER [DUAL MODE, NOT WINDOW COMPATIBLE] NAME BORDER - changes the border color. SYNTAX border [BLACK|RED|GREEN|YELLOW|BLUE|MAGENTA|CYAN|WHITE|DEFAULT] [LIGHT_BLACK| LIGHT_RED|LIGHT_GREEN|LIGHT_YELLOW|LIGHT_BLUE|LIGHT_MAGEN TA|LIGHT_CYAN|LIGHT_GREY] [DARK_BLACK| DARK_RED|DARK_GREEN|DARK_YELLOW|DARK_BLUE|DARK_MAGENTA|DA RK_CYAN|DARK_GREY] USAGE Border is used to change the border color. Border is the outside of the actual screen, which can be written to. Border accepts the same colors as color or clear, but it can also be given an integer, which represents the desired attribute. These integers can be in the range 0- 63. You can give other integer also, but they always map to one of the 64 possible colors. SEE ALSO color, clear, normal ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.9. Cat - Concatenate files to the display. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ CAT [DUAL MODE] NAME CAT - conCATenate files to standard output. SYNTAX CAT [drive(s)] [/NOD] [+A|+R|+S|+H|+D|] [/P |/H |/?][file(s)] USAGE CAT is a similar tool to the standard TYPE command, but it can search for files through a directory structure and from multiple volumes. Dy default CAT display files only on the current directory. With the /S option you can search through the three hierarchy starting from current directory. You can list at the beginning of the command line drives and/or directories and CAT will start its search from these places. E.g. cat c: d:\source *.c *.h /S, would display all *.c and *.h-files from c:-drives current directory and d:-drices \source-directory and below. You can also include attributes in the search criteria. By default CAT finds files with no bits, attribute bit and/or readonly bit set. You can specify other file attributes with the +-options. The /NOD (=NO Default)- switch will turn off default finding rules and you can the explicitly set the file types you want to find - e.g. 'CAT /NOD +H *.*' would display only files with the hidden bit on and no other bits on. With the /P option, CAT will pause after each screenful. The following options are recongnized: +H include also hidden files. +S include system files +R include read-only files +A include files with attribute-bit. +D include directories. +N include normal files. This is the default. Normal files include files with read-only or archive or no bits at all set. /NOD No Default. Do not include any files by default. Some combination of attributes must be given. /S = Include subdirectories also. /P = Pause, stop after each screenful of text. /?,/H = Help, show a small help screen. SEE ALSO scan, du, delq, ff ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.10. Clear - Clear the screen. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ CLEAR [DUAL MODE] NAME CLEAR - clear the display and optionally set colors SYNTAX clear [prefix]basiccolor on [prefix]basiccolor where prefix = LIGHT_ | DARK_ basiccolor = [BLACK|RED|GREEN|YELLOW|BLUE|MAGENTA|CYAN|WHITE|DEFA ULT] USAGE Clear is used to clear the display and optionally set the colors of the display. It's parameters are similar to color. E.g: CLEAR green on black would clear the screen and set the colors of the display to green letters on black background. Clear uses ANSI escape sequences. If the ANSI sequences are off, clear sets ANSI on for the duration of the process and restores the original situation at the end of the process. Unlikely to color-command, the colors change every time. Still CLS-command seems to reset colors to their default values (white on black) if ANSI is off. SEE ALSO color, normal ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.11. Color - Sets the screen colors. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ COLOR [DUAL MODE] NAME COLOR - set the colors on the display SYNTAX color [prefix]basiccolor on [prefix]basiccolor where prefix = LIGHT_ | DARK_ basiccolor = [BLACK|RED|GREEN|YELLOW|BLUE|MAGENTA|CYAN|WHITE|DEFA ULT] USAGE Color is used to set the foreground and background color of a session. It affects only the session, where it is run. If you want to set the colors in all sessions, you must create a command file, where the color-command with desired parameters is run and then you must modify your config.sys. If you set as the last parameter of your protshell-line the following " /K cmd-file", OS/2 will run the cmd-file every time you start a new session. Note that starting an OS/2 Window does not start a new session. Color uses Vio-calls except in OS/2 Window, where the call used for changing colors does not work. In OS/2 Window color uses ANSI-escape sequences, which limit its capabilities to the basic colors. E.g. RED is supported, but not LIGHT_RED or DARK_RED. Color uses ANSI escape sequences. If the ANSI sequences are off, color sets ANSI on for the duration of the program and restores the original situation at the end of the program. OS/2 seems to work in a random fashion in this kind of situations. Sometimes the colors change sometimes not. The color sets the current cursor position to the bottom of the screen, because with my version (1.21) the ANSI- sequences worked every time, when the cursor was at the bottom of the screen. Still CLS-command seems to reset all color to their default value, if ANSI is off. SEE ALSO clear, normal ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.12. Cursor - Position the cursor. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ CURSOR [DUAL MODE] NAME CURSOR - Position the cursor on the screen. SYNTAX cursor row col [text] USAGE Cursor is used to position the cursor on the screen and show some text there. It is given the row and column coordinates. The text component can be missing. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.13. Cuthuge - Cut a huge file into smaller pieces. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ CUTHUGE [DUAL MODE] NAME CUTHUGE - Cut a huge file into smaller more manageable pieces. SYNTAX cuthuge [-lines] [/BIN] [/B basename] | [/H | /?] [files(s)] USAGE CUTHUGE is used to cut a big file into smaller pieces. You might want to do this for example to cut a huge log file into smaller pieces for convenien viewing in a text editor. The default names are of the form PARTXXXX.CUT, where the XXXX:s are consequtively groving numbers. E.g. PART0000.CUT, PART0001.CUT ... By default CUTHUGE operates in text mode, but with /BIN it can be switched into binary mode. The -lines option gives the number of lines written to each file in text mode. In binary mode it gives the size of the parts file in bytes. The minimum for this is 1024 and the default is 32 K. When started without any parameters, the cuthuge reads its input from the command line. The special character '- ' can also be used on the command line to mean the standard input. CUTHUGE can also be given many files on its command line. It starts each new file with a new parts file. SEE ALSO: ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.14. Delq - Delete a file with query. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ DELQ [DUAL MODE] NAME DELQ - Delete files with query. SYNTAX DELQ [Drive(s)] [File(s)] [/NOD|/TEST|/S|/H|/?]] [+A|+R|+S|+H|+D|+A] USAGE DELQ deletes specified files with query - that is before each file is deleted, user is required to confirm delete. DELQ can be given a list of drives e.g C: D:. DELQ searches these drives for the given files. Each drive specifier can contain also a directory specifier e.g c:\test, then DELQ searches starting from the test directory. Normally DELQ starts its search from the default directory. Normally DELQ finds files with attribute bit, readonly bit or no bits set. You can disable the default attributes with the /NOD (=No Default) switch. Files are specified using normal OS/2 rules with ? and * acting as wild cards. There is a /TEST-switch, which shows the delete commands, but does not execute them. It is useful for verifying that you have specified the correct files on the command line. With the /S -option DU shows also all subdirectories. The following options are recongnized: +H include also hidden files. +S include system files +R include read-only files +A include files with attribute-bit. +D include directories (does not make too much sense with SCAN). +N include normal files. This is the default. Normal files include files with read-only or archive or no bits at all set. /NOD No Default. Do not include any files by default. SOme combination of attributes must be given. /TEST Shows delete commands, but does not execute them. /S = Include subdirectories also. with /S -option also subdirectories are included in the search for specified files. DELQ does not delete directories. With /TEST-option DELQ shows the files, that could be deleted. No files are affected. SEE ALSO scan, ff ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.15. Dirs - Show directories pushed to the stack. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ DIRS [DUAL MODE] NAME DIRS - Show the contents of the drive and directory stack. SYNTAX dirs [-q|/q] USAGE With pushd you can push the current drive and directory onto directory stack. You can then move freely between directories. Popd will restore the top drive and directory from the stack. With the dirs command you can see what entries are in the stack. The stack will always contain the entry "." - that is the current directory as the last element. Each session has separate stack. You can only retrieve drive and directroy combinations, which have been pushed in this session. All three commands use a server to maintain the stack. This server is dirserv.exe. You can start it manually in a separate session or detach it, so that it belongs to no screen group. Nevertheless all three commands start dirserv automatically, if it has not been started previously. You can use the -Q (or /Q) option to stop the directory stack server. This is needed especially if the server is detached. Under DOS the drive and directory information is stored in a file. The default for this file is c:\dirserv.dat. You can change it however with the DIRSERV-enviroment variable. SEE ALSO pusd, popd, dirserv, ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.16. Dirserv - Directory stack server. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ DIRSERV [OS/2 ONLY] NAME DIRSERV - Drive and directory stack server. SYNTAX dirserv USAGE With pushd you can push the current drive and directory onto directory stack. You can then move freely between directories. Popd will restore the top drive and directory from the stack. With the dirs command you can see what entries are in the stack. The stack will always contain the entry "." - that is the current directory as the last element. Each session has separate stack. You can only retrieve drive and directroy combinations, which have been pushed in this session. All three commands use a server to maintain the stack. This server is dirserv.exe. You can start it manually in a separate session or detach it, so that it belongs to no screen group. Nevertheless all three commands start dirserv automatically, if it has not been started previously. You can use the -Q (or /Q) option to stop the directory stack server. This is needed especially if the server is detached. Under DOS the drive and directory information is stored in a file. The default for this file is c:\dirserv.dat. You can change it however with the DIRSERV-enviroment variable. SEE ALSO pusd, popd, dirs, ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.17. Diskfree - Show free disk space. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ DISKFREE [DUAL MODE] NAME DISKFREE - Show the amount of free and total space on a given disk. SYNTAX diskfree [drive(s)] | [/H | /? | /R] USAGE Diskfree shows the amount of free working space and the amount of total available space on the given drives. If no drive is given, it displays the amount of free/total space on the current drive. OPTIONS Following options are recognized: - /R = Report. Displays results in a format similar to LANMAN.INI or other Microsoft configuration files. - /?,/H = Help. Displays a short help. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.18. Dos2unix - Convert text files between DOS and UNIX. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ DOS2UNIX [DUAL MODE] NAME DOS2UNIX - Translate files between DOS/OS/2 and UNIX. SYNTAX DOS2UNIX [file1 [file2]] [/? | /H] USAGE DOS2UNIX is used to translate files between DOS/OS/2 and UNIX text formats. In UNIX each line ends with a line- feed character. IN DOS/OS/2 each line ends with carriage- return and line-feed chars. Therefore if you copy file from DOS, there is an unnecessary character at the end of each line. If file2 is missing, DOS2UNIX outputs to the standard output. If both file1 and file2 are missing DOS2UNIX reads from the standard input and writes to the standard output. SEE ALSO unix2dos ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.19. Du - Show disk usage for files/directories. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ DU [DUAL MODE] NAME DU - Show disk usage. SYNTAX DU [Drive(s)] [Files(s)] [/NOD|/S] [+A|+R|+S|+H|+D|+A] [/H | /?] USAGE DU shows how many bytes each specified file takes, its attributes, how much the files in the same directory take and finally how much all the specified files take together. The amount shown is the actual number of bytes written to the file. Since OS/2 reserves space in blocks (even a file of 1 byte takes one block), the amount the files take from the total amount of free space is bigger. DU can be given a list of drives e.g C: D:. DU searches these drives for the given files. Each drive specifier can contain also a directory specifier e.g c:\test, then DU searches starting from the test directory. Normally DU starts its search from the default directory. Normally DU finds files with attribute bit, readonly bit or no bits set. You can disable the default attributes with the /NOD (=No Default) switch. Files are specified using normal OS/2 rules with ? and * acting as wild cards. There is a /TEST-switch, which is not too sensible for DU. With the /S -option DU shows also all subdirectories. The following options are recongnized: +H include also hidden files. +S include system files +R include read-only files +A include files with attribute-bit. +D include directories (does not make too much sense with SCAN). +N include normal files. This is the default. Normal files include files with read-only or archive or no bits at all set. /NOD No Default. Do not include any files by default. SOme combination of attributes must be given. /TEST Show no files. /S = Include subdirectories also. SEE ALSO scan, ff ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.20. Ff - Find files. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ FF [DUAL MODE] NAME FF - Find files. SYNTAX FF [drive(s)] [/NOD] [+A|+R|+S|+H|+D|] [/P | /V |/H |/?][file(s)] USAGE FF can be used to locate quickly files from one or many volumes. FF is given filenames using normal OS/2 wildcard rules. By default FF seaches all directories on current drive. You can however specify different volumes and different directories for your seach. You must then specify these drives and directories at the beginnig of the command line. E.g. 'FF . A:\test *.c' , will seach the current directory on the current drive and all directories below it and the test directory and all directories below it on A-drive for all c-files. Note that FF changes current drives and directories as it processes the command line. Therefore 'FF A:\test .' would not work as expected. By default FF find files with no bits, attribute bit and/or readonly bit set. You can specify other file attributes with the +-options. The /NOD (=NO Default)- switch will turn off default finding rules and you can the explicitly set the file types you want to find - e.g. 'FF /NOD +D' would find only directories - normally all normal files plus directories would be found without the /NOD. The following options are recongnized: +H include also hidden files. +S include system files +R include read-only files +A include files with attribute-bit. +D include directories. +N include normal files. This is the default. Normal files include files with read-only or archive or no bits at all set. /NOD No Default. Do not include any files by default. SOme combination of attributes must be given. /S = Include subdirectories also. SEE ALSO scan, du ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.21. Head - Display the beginning of a file. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ HEAD [DUAL MODE] NAME HEAD - Displays the first beginning lines from a file. SYNTAX head [-count | - | /H | /?] file(s) USAGE Head is used to display the very first lines from a text file. The -count argument specifies how many lines are displayed. If it is omitted, 10 first lines are displayed. Head dispays only as many character from each line as there are colums in the current video mode. Normally this is 80. The rest of the line is omitted. The special character "-" means that the lines are read from the standard input. SEE ALSO tail, pg ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.22. Jd - Jump to a directory. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ JD [DUAL MODE] NAME JD - Jump to a directory. SYNTAX JD directory USAGE JD enables you to jump quickly to a directory without giving the full pathname. E.g. 'JD DE' could move you to the directory \WINDOWS\DESIGNER in the current drive (if you had that kind of a directory). You can also include a drive specifier. E.G D:DE, would search for a directory beginning with DE from drive d:. Both full and partial directory names can be given. JD has the following known "features". It always jumps to the first directory with the matching beginning. There is now way to continue the search for a next match or to select between matching directory names. JD tends to be quite slow. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.23. Kbd - display codes generated by the keyboard. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ KBD [DUAL MODE] NAME KBD - Display charactercodes, scancodes and flags generated by the keyboard hardware. SYNTAX kbd USAGE KBD is used to display the character code, scan code and different flags generated by the keyboard hardware. It can be used to find out, what scan and character codes special keyboard keys generate. E.g. function keys etc. You can use these values then with KEY to emulate keyboard input or with BLANKER to change the trigger key. SEE ALSO key, blanker ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.24. Key - Put character to the keyboard buffer. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ KEY [OS/2 ONLY] NAME KEY - Put the arguments onto the keyboard buffer. SYNTAX key arguments | \scancode,charcode | \charcode USAGE Key is used to emulate a user. It puts the given arguments onto the keyboard buffer. This is equivalent to the situation, where a user had typed the same commands from keyboard. You can specify the argumets using three different syntaxes. If the argument does not start with a backslash charater '\', key pushes characters from the command line to the keyboard buffer treating them as characters - e.g key dir, would push the word dir to the keyboard buffer. If the argument starts with backslash and contains two components separated with a comma- e.g 'key \0,13', key sets the scancode to the first integer and character code to the second integer. If the argument contains only one integer, key sets the character code to that integer and sets the scan code to 0. Both representations are needed, because some entries that you can generate from the keyboard don't have a character code at all. For example pressing ALT-F1, would generate charactercode 0 and scan code 104 from my keyboard. If you want to have spaces in the string you play out, you can put it inside double quotes. You can also use the character code 32, but this is less clear. Putting out spaces is normal in commands that consists of a command and some arguments. If you want to play out the backlash character as the first character, you must use its character code of 92. You can use the KBD tool to see what scan code, characer code pairs your keyboard generates. EXAMPLES E.g. 'Key dir \13' will output the files from the current directory. 'Key "START /C dirserv" \13' will pay the sequence START /C dirserv as a one command. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.25. Keylocks - Change the state of the locks keys (NUM LOCK etc). ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ KEYLOCKS [OS/2 ONLY] NAME KEYLOCKS - Set the mode of NUM LOCK or CAPS LOCK or SCROLL LOCK SYNTAX keylocks [/S | /C ] + [NUMLOCK | SCROLLLOCK | CAPSLOCK] USAGE KEYLOCKS can be used to set or to clear the NUM LOCK or the CAPS LOCK or the SCROLL LOCK. If it is called without any arguments it shows the shift state of the keyboard. It recignizes the following options: /C to clear the following shift state. /S to set the following shift state. EXAMPLE KEYLOCKS /C NUMLOCK clears the NUM LOCK mode. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.26. Keyspeed - Set the typematic rate of the keyboard. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ KEYSPEED [OS/2 ONLY] NAME KEYSPEED - Set the typematic rate of the keyboard. SYNTAX keyspeed delay (milliseconds) rate (characters-per- seconds) USAGE KEYSPEED sets the typematic rate of the keyboard. Delay is given in milliseconds and it determines the delay before key repeating starts. Rate is given in characters per second and it determines how many characeters are generated per second. Setting the typematic rate affects all character based sessions - Full Screen and Windowed. There is no way of showing the typematic values in effect since functions to retrive these values have not been documented. SEE ALSO key, ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.27. Kill - Kill a process. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ KILL [DUAL MODE] NAME KILL - Kill a process. SYNTAX kill process_id [/H | -?] USAGE Kill can be used to stop a process. You must first know the process identifier of it. You can see the process ids with the pstat command, which is included in OS/2 version 1.2 and upwards. Unfortunately these are show in hexadecimal format. You can use the NUM tool to convert. SEE ALSO: ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.28. Mem - Show size of the largest contiguous block of memory. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ MEM [DUAL MODE] NAME MEM - Show the size of the largest free block of memory. SYNTAX mem [/R] | [/V] | [/H | /?] USAGE Mem shows the size of the largest free block of memory. Because OS/2 compacts memory from time to time, this gives a rough estimate of the total available free RAM memory. Following options are recognized: - /R = Report. It is meant to be used, if results are handled by a program. - /V = Verbose. Shows the functions as they are called. Can be used for learning OS-functions. (Unfortunately this option is implemented only in a handful of programs). - /?,/H = Help. Displays a short help. SEE ALSO: Diskfree ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.29. Names - Produce funny names. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ NAMES [DUAL MODE] NAME NAMES - Generate stange sounding names based on a mask. SYNTAX names arbitary text -mask [-count] USAGE NAMES can be used to generate stange sounding names based on a mask given on the command line. This is an ideal tool for the aspiring sf writer. Now you don't have to invent names for palanets or rulers yourself. The mask can contain only characters c and v, where the c stands for consonant and v stands for vowel. Without other options NAMES generates 10 entries. You can however specify the number of names generated by giving the number perfixed with a -. You can add arbitary text to the command line. E.g: NAMES -cvvcvcvc entered the room. would generate 10 lines with random names generated for the person entering the room. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.30. Normal - Set the screen colors to default values. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ NORMAL [DUAL MODE] NAME NORMAL - set the default colors of the display SYNTAX normal USAGE Normal can be used to set the default colors of the display. Normally this means light grey on black. However if the BGCOLOR or FGCOLOR environment variables are defined, normal reads the color definitions from them. BGCOLOR refers to the background color and FGCOLOR to foreground color. Available color are: BLACK RED GREEN YELLOW BLUE MAGENTA CYAN WHITE DEFAULT These color can be prefixed with eithed light_ or dark. E.g. dark_red or light_blue. Normal uses ANSI escape sequences. If the ANSI sequences are off, normal sets ANSI on for the duration of the program and restores the original situation at the end of the program. OS/2 seems to work in a random fashion in this kind of situations. Sometimes the colors change sometimes not. If ANSI sequences are off, normal sets the current cursor position to the bottom of the screen, because with my version (1.21) the ANSI- sequences worked every time, when the cursor was at the bottom of the screen. Still CLS-command seems to reset all color to their default value, if ANSI is off. SEE ALSO color, clear ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.31. Num - Convert between different numerical radixes. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ NUM [DUAL MODE] NAME NUM - Convert between hexadecimal, octal and decimal representations. SYNTAX num [/H num | /D num | /O num | /B ] | [/?] USAGE NUM can be used to convert integers between radixes. Following radixes are supported: decimal, octal, hexadecimal and binary. It accepts the following options: /D = input is read as a decimal integer. /O = input is read as an octal integer. /H = input is read as on hexadecimal integer. /B = input is read as a binary number. NUM shows the integer in all four formats. SEE ALSO: ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.32. Pg - Display a file page by page. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ PG [DUAL MODE] NAME PG - Displays files page at a time. SYNTAX pg [- | /H | /?] file[s] USAGE Pg displays files a page at a time. Pg displays as many lines as are possible in the current video mode. From each line it displays as many character as possible. The rest of the line is omitted. The special character '-' represents the standard input. If the input stream contains special characters such as TAB's, PG may output the wrong amount of characters leading to a wrap-around effect. BUGS Pg may output erroneously, if there are special character such as TAB's in the read text string SEE ALSO head, tail ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.33. Popd - Restore a previously pushed directory. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ POPD [DUAL MODE] NAME POPD - Pop the top drive and directory from the stack. SYNTAX popd [-q|/q] USAGE With pushd you can push the current drive and directory onto directory stack. You can then move freely between directories. Popd will restore the top drive and directory from the stack. With the dirs command you can see what entries are in the stack. The stack will always contain the entry "." - that is the current directory as the last element. Each session has separate stack. You can only retrieve drive and directroy combinations, which have been pushed in this session. All three commands use a server to maintain the stack. This server is dirserv.exe. You can start it manually in a separate session or detach it, so that it belongs to no screen group. Nevertheless all three commands start dirserv automatically, if it has not been started previously. You can use the -Q (or /Q) option to stop the directory stack server. This is needed especially if the server is detached. Under DOS the drive and directory information is stored in a file. The default for this file is c:\dirserv.dat. You can change it however with the DIRSERV-enviroment variable. SEE ALSO pushd, dirs, dirserv ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.34. Popup - Show a popup message. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ POPUP [OS/2 ONLY] NAME POPUP - Show a popup message to the user. SYNTAX popup [/H | /?]OR popup "message with \n between lines" OR popup /F popup-file USAGE Popup is used to show popup messages to the user. You can for example use it with the at-command to create a to-do list for each day and have popup display you messages about your daily activities without having to keep an eye on the clock. Popup can read the displayed message either from the command line or from a file. In the command line different lines are separated with \n. In a file each line of the file is displayed in its own line. No \n- character are needed. If popup is started without any parameters, it reads its message from the popup.dat file. EXAMPLES 1) Show a message from command line popup "\n\n Any message here\n" SEE ALSO at ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.35. Pr - Print a file with header information. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ PR [DUAL MODE] NAME PR - Print files. SYNTAX pr [-lines | - | /H | /?] file(s) USAGE PR is used to print files. Each file is preceded with header information: filename, current date and date of creation. With the -lines option you can control, how many lines are output before a form feed is issued. The default page length is 66 lines. PR outputs to the standard output, so normally you have to redired its output to LPT1, LPT2 etc. Without parameters PR reads from the standard input. You can also include the special character - to denote the standard input, if PR must read both from some files and standard input. EXAMPLES PR -80 pr.c >lpt1: would print pr to LPT1: with page length set to 80. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.36. Pushd - Push a directory onto the directory stack. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ PUSHD [DUAL MODE] NAME PUSHD - Push the current drive and directory onto a stack. SYNTAX pushd [-q|/q] USAGE With pushd you can push the current drive and directory onto directory stack. You can then move freely between directories. Popd will restore the top drive and directory from the stack. With the dirs command you can see what entries are in the stack. The stack will always contain the entry "." - that is the current directory as the last element. Each session has separate stack. You can only retrieve drive and directroy combinations, which have been pushed in this session. All three commands use a server to maintain the stack. This server is dirserv.exe. You can start it manually in a separate session or detach it, so that it belongs to no screen group. Nevertheless all three commands start dirserv automatically, if it has not been started previously. You can use the -Q (or /Q) option to stop the directory stack server. This is needed especially if the server is detached. Under DOS the drive and directory information is stored in a file. The default for this file is c:\dirserv.dat. You can change it however with the DIRSERV-enviroment variable. SEE ALSO popd, dirs, dirserv ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.37. Rev -Reverse lines. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ REV [DUAL MODE] NAME REV - Reverse lines of text. SYNTAX rev [file(s) [/H | /? | -] USAGE Rev is used to reverse the lines from a given file or from the standard input. The special character '-' refers to the standard input. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.38. Runtime - Show the amount of time a program run. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ RUNTIME [DUAL MODE] NAME RUNTIME - Show the time it takes to run a command. SYNTAX runtime [/R | /H | /?] command arguments USAGE Runtime is used to show how long it takes to run a command. Runtime shows the result in hours, minutes, seconds and hundredths of seconds. Runtime works with all types of executable files, including .CMD in OS/2 and .BAT in DOS. If the arguments given to command contain arguments applicable to runtime, runtime interprets them, but passes them also to command. E.g. runtime mem -? sets the help option on for both runtime and mem. If you want to have only mem to have the -? option, set -? inside double quetes and precede it with a space. E.g. runtime mem " -?". The internal commands to shell such as dir, echo are not executable files and cannot be direcly run by runtime. If you want to time the dir-command for example, you must start the shell first. The command to run is: C:>runtime cmd /c dir The /c command instruct the shell to exit immediately after it has processed the commands on the command line. Without the /c-switch the new command shell would remain in memory unnecessarily. You can also use runtime to keep time of your activities. E.g. runtime "favourite-game", would give you, after you finished, the time you have played. OPTIONS Following options are recognized: - /R = Report. Displays results in a format similar to LANMAN.INI or other Microsoft configuration files. - /?,/H = Help. Displays a short help. SEE ALSO timer ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.39. Scan - Scan through directories and run commands. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ SCAN [DUAL MODE] NAME SCAN - Scan volumes and run commands. SYNTAX scan [dir(s)] [files(s)] [/NOD|/TEST|/H|/?] [+A|+R|+S|+H|+D|+A] [-commands] USAGE Scan is used to scan through one or several volumes. As it finds files, it runs the commands specified on command line. If no command is given, scan shows the name of the file as the FF-command. Scan can be given a list of drives e.g C: D:. Scan searches these drives for the given files. Each drive specifier can contain also a directory specifier e.g c:\test, then scan searches starting from the test directory. Normally scan starts its search from the root directory. Normally scan finds files with attribute bit, readonly bit or no bits set. You can disable the default attributes with the /NOD (=No Default) switch. Files are specified using normal OS/2 rules with ? and * acting as wild cards. There is a /TEST-switch, which outputs the commands as they would be run. If you want to give arguments to the command, you must encluse the command and its arguments inside double quetes. The special string %fname is expanded to contain the fully qualified filename. E.g.: SCAN . /S *.exe -"copy %fname a:" would copy all *.exe files from this directory and below to the A:-drive. There can be any amount of command at the end of the command line. Commands are run in the order as they appear on the command line, so be sure to put del-command as last. The following options are recongnized: +H include also hidden files. +S include system files +R include read-only files +A include files with attribute-bit. +D include directories (does not make too much sense with SCAN). +N include normal files. This is the default. Normal files include files with read-only or archive or no bits at all set. /NOD No Default. Do not include any files by default. SOme combination of attributes must be given. /TEST Show commands as they would be generated, without running them. SEE ALSO ff ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.40. Setprty - Set the priority of a process. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ SETPRTY [OS/2 ONLY] NAME SETPRTY - Run command and set its priority to specified value. SYNTAX SETPRTY [(/I)DLE|(/R)EGULAR|(/T)IMECRITICALT|(/N)OCHANGE|(/F)OREG ROUND] [(/MA)XIMUM|(/MI)NIMUM|number] command argument(s) USAGE SETPRTY sets the priority to a specified value and then runs a command with given values. The allowed priority classes are: - /I IDLE = lovest class - /R REGULAR = class for user commands - /T TIMECRITICAL = highest class. use sparingly if at all. - /N NOCHANGE = the current priority class is used - /F FOREGROUND = run command in the foreground Immediately after priority class you must specify the change in priority. The allowed values are -31 to +31. With /MA(XIMUN) you can set the priority to the maximum in current priority class and with /MI(NIMUM) to minimum. If SETPRTY is run without parameters it gives the priority of the current session. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.41. Setver - Set the modification time of a file to its version number. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ SETVER [DUAL MODE] NAME SETVER - Set the modification time of a file to the version number. SYNTAX setver vermaj.vermin file(s) [/H | /?] USAGE A clever way to indicate the version of a given program is to put the version number to its last modification time. Taking dir of a directory then immediately shows the version number of the programs. This is at least in my mind a much cleaner aproach than putting the version number into the program name. With FATs (file system used with DOS) limit of only 8 character for the program name, this would limit the naming even further. Setver is just a program used to change the last modification time of a file to its version number. It is given two parameters. First the verion major and version minor number separated by a period. Then the filenames to be modified. E.g. setver 1.10 *.exe, would change the version numbers of all *.exe-programs to 1.10. Following options are recognized: - /?,/H = Help. Displays a short help. SEE ALSO: ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.42. Shutdown - Prepare the system for power down. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ SHUTDOWN [OS/2 ONLY] NAME SHUTDOWN - Prepare the system for power down. SYNTAX shutdown [/V | /Y | /N] | [/H | /?] USAGE Shutdown flushes all buffer to the disk and closes down the file system. After this the system can be safely powered down or restarted with CONTROL-ALT-DEL. It can be used if you run OS/2 without Presentation Manager with for example CMD.EXE as your only shell. Following options are recognized: - /V = Verbose. Shows the functions as they are called. Can be used for learning OS-functions. - /?,/H = Help. Displays a short help. - /Y = Yes. No confirmation is requested. System is shutdown. - /N = No. No action is taken. Similar to answering N to confirmation message. SEE ALSO: ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.43. Sleep - Sleep for the specified amount. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ SLEEP [DUAL MODE] NAME SLEEP - Sleep for a specified number of seconds. SYNTAX sleep [secs] | [/H | /?] USAGE Sleep sleep for the specified amount of seconds. If no number is given on command line, the value is read from standard input. The /H and /? options give a brief help. SEE ALSO until ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.44. Strings - Display the printable string from a binary file. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ STRINGS [DUAL MODE] NAME STRINGS USAGE strings [-count] file[s] | /H | /?] [/P] DESCRIPTION Strings locates and outputs sequences of printable characters from binary files. The length of the string is given with the -count option. When no length is given, strings uses 5 as a default. Why is a tool like strings useful? You can use strings to extract all the possible strings and messages from an executable file. These strings can include version and revision numbers of a program. OPTIONS Following options are recognized: - /P = Pause mode. Pauses after each screenful. - /?,/H = Help. Displays a short help. BUGS The C-function used to identify "printable" characters does not recognize the special european characters. Some of the messages may be cut to separate pieces and some not printed at all. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.45. Tail - Show the last lines from a file. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ TAIL [DUAL MODE] NAME TAIL - Display the last lines from a file. SYNTAX tail [-count | - | /H | /?] file USAGE Tail displays the last lines from a file. It can be used for example to see the last messages from a very big log file. The count parameter can be given to indicate how many lines to output. If count is omitted, it defaults to 10. Tail dispays only as many character from each line as there are colums in the current video mode. Normally this is 80. The rest of the line is omitted. The special character "-" on command line means the standard input. SEE ALSO head ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.46. Tee - Make a copy of the stream to a file. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ TEE [DUAL MODE] NAME TEE - copy data from within a pipe into a file SYNTAX tee [file] [/H | /?] USAGE Tee copies standard input to standard output unmodified. At the same time it makes a duplicate of this data into a file given on command line. It is often used in long command scripts to take intermediate results to a file. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.47. Timer - Taking time. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ TIMER [DUAL MODE] NAME TIMER - Starts a timer. SYNTAX timer [/start name| /stop name] [-q|/q] USAGE Timer is used to time time periods. It can be used like runtime command, but time counting is more relaxed. Runtime counts one command. Timers can be started and stopped at any given moment. Timers are started with the /start command, which is follewed by the timer name. Timer names can be up to 24 chars. It is very convenient to use the name of the command as the timer command also. Timers are stopped with the /stop command. Under DOS timers are stored in a file. The default name is c:\timersrv.dat, but it can be changed with the TIMERSERV-environment variable. Under OS/2 there is a separate server-process, which is automatically started. You can however start it also yourself. This can be useful, if you want to run servers as detached processes( e.g detach timersrv). There is a -Q command to stop the server process. Under DOS it removes the timer-file. SEE ALSO timersrv ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.48. Timersrv - A server for the TIMER command. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ TIMERSRV [OS/2] NAME TIMERSRV - Timer server process. SYNTAX timersrv USAGE Timersrv is the server process used to store started timers. It works only under OS/2. Under DOS timers are stored in a file. SEE ALSO timer ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.49. Tm - Show the time. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ TM [DUAL MODE] NAME TM - Time mark. Shows the current time. SYNTAX tm [/H | /?] USAGE TM shows the current time in the format: Wed Jan 02 02:00:03 1980. The text is right aligned to the display. TM can be used to apppend creation etc. information to text files. SEE ALSO: ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.50. Touch - Touch a file changing its modification time. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ TOUCH [DUAL MODE] NAME TOUCH - Touch the file changing its date stamp. SYNTAX touch [/H | /?] file(s) DESCRIPTION Touch changes the time and date entry of last write of a file to the current time. It is mainly used with programs in the MAKE category. With touch you can change the date and time of a source file and force its compilation on a nex MAKE. If the file given does not exist, touch creates an empty file. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.51. Unix2dos - Convert files between UNIX and DOS. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ UNIX2DOS [DUAL MODE] NAME UNIX2DOS - Translate files between UNIX and DOS/OS/2. SYNTAX UNIX2DOS [file1 [file2]] [/? | /H] USAGE UNIX2DOS is used to translate files between UNIX and DOS/OS/2 text formats. In UNIX each line ends with a line-feed character. IN DOS/OS/2 each line ends with carriage-return and line-feed chars. Therefore, you must do a little translation when you move file between UNIX and DOS or OS/2. SEE ALSO dos2unix ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.52. Until - Wait until a specific time. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ UNTIL [DUAL MODE] NAME UNTIL - Waits until a specified time. SYNTAX until time USAGE Until is used to wait until a given time of the day. It support two time formats. The first list the absolute time in hh:mm:ss -format, where hh=hour, mm=minute, ss=second. The time is parsed from left to right. That is a two part time represents hh:mm and a one part time represents hours only. The second format is given relative to the current time. This format is identical to the first format, except that it starts with a plus (+). Until can be used for example in command scripts to wait to a specified time. It is equivalent to the at time null-command, where null is a command which does nothing. EXAMPLES 1) Wait until ten o'clock until 10:00 2) Wait ten seconds until +00:00:10 3) Check the until command. runtime until +00:00:10 SEE ALSO at ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.53. Uptime - Show how long the system has been up. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ UPTIME [OS/2 ONLY] NAME UPTIME - Show the time the system has been up. SYNTAX uptime [/R | /H | /?] USAGE Uptime shows the time the system has been up. It shows this in days, hours, minutes and seconds. SEE ALSO ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.54. Version - Show current version. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ VERSION [DUAL MODE] NAME VERSION - Shows version information for TOOLS/2. SYNTAX version USAGE Version shows the lates version of TOOLS/2 (surprise!) and also address where you can send bug reports. I will try to correct the known mistakes in upcoming versions. You can also send in suggestions for new tools, suggestions about new command line options etc. EXAMPLES SEE ALSO readme.txt-file on distribution diskette. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.55. Wipefile - Destroy a file by writing random data over it. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ WIPEFILE [DUAL MODE] NAME WIPEFILE SYNTAX Wipefile -count file(s) | /H | /? | /V | /TEST | /N | /Y] DESCRIPTION Wipefile destroys the contents of a file by writing over it randomized data multiple time. The number of overwrites is given with -count option. You can test the program with using either /TEST or /N option. Then the program will show the files it would overwrite, but leaves them untouched. Wipefile only wipes the files, it does not delete them. Normally wipefile requires confirmation for each file before destruction. With the /Y-option, wipefile takes the default action and wipes each file without confirmation. Why are programs in the wipefile category needed? Normally deleting a file does not destroy the data from disk. The operating system only marks the disk sectors of the file unused. The information can be retained with a tool, which reads data directly from raw disk. If you want to be absolutely sure, that no one can read your data, you must first destroy the contents of the file by physically writing over it. SEE ALSO: ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ 4.56. Words - Count the number of characters, words and lines in a file. ΓòÉΓòÉΓòÉ WORDS [DUAL MODE] NAME WORDS - count the number of lines, words and characters in text files. SYNTAX WORDS file(s) [/H | /?] USAGE WORDS shows how many lines, words and characters each specified text file contains. SEE ALSO